Chicory Allergy: The Occupational Contact Allergen in Coffee and Salad
Chicory allergy is a Type IV contact hypersensitivity triggered by guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones — lactucin and lactucopicrin — concentrated in the plant's milky latex. Chicory affects food processing workers, salad preparers, and chicory farmers most frequently. Unique among Asteraceae allergens, chicory can cause contact anaphylaxis in sensitized food workers and oral allergy syndrome in birch-pollen-sensitized individuals. Management centers on latex avoidance, patch testing with SL mix, and topical corticosteroids for flares.
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Key facts
Chicory allergy is triggered by guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones (lactucin and lactucopicrin) — the same chemical family responsible for cross-reactivity across the entire Asteraceae/Compositae family.
Compositae plant allergy affects approximately 0.8% of patch-tested populations and causes both Type IV contact dermatitis and Type I IgE-mediated oral allergy via pollen cross-reactivity.
Chicory cross-reacts with mugwort pollen (Artemisia vulgaris) via shared Art v 1 sesquiterpene lactone proteins — patients with mugwort allergy may develop oral symptoms when eating chicory or artichoke.
Herbal remedies and cosmetics containing chicory, chamomile, arnica, or other Asteraceae species are a recognized source of ongoing sensitization in Compositae-allergic patients.
The European Society of Contact Dermatitis recommends patch testing to sesquiterpene lactone mix (0.1% petrolatum) as the standard screen for Compositae sensitization.
What Is Chicory Allergy?
Chicory allergy is a delayed-type (Type IV) contact hypersensitivity reaction to Cichorium intybus, a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family.
The allergenic compounds are guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones — specifically lactucin, lactucopicrin, and 8-deoxylactucin — concentrated in the milky white latex that flows when a chicory stem or root is broken.
What makes chicory clinically unusual among Compositae allergens is the breadth of allergic pathways it triggers. Beyond the standard Type IV contact dermatitis driven by sesquiterpene lactone (SQL) chemistry, chicory is one of the few Asteraceae species where contact anaphylaxis has been documented in food workers handling raw chicory leaves. Additionally, chicory root dust in inulin processing plants causes occupational rhinoconjunctivitis — an IgE-mediated inhalant response — and birch-pollen-sensitized individuals may experience oral allergy syndrome from chicory through Bet v 1-like protein cross-reactivity.
Chicory root is widely used as a coffee substitute and additive, while the leaves appear in salads as radicchio and endive. Inulin, a chicory-derived prebiotic fiber, is added to hundreds of processed foods, creating potential occult exposure routes for sensitized individuals.
Chicory Allergy Symptoms
Recognizing symptoms early helps you get the right treatment faster.
Hand dermatitis
moderateItchy, red, and sometimes blistering rash on the hands from direct latex contact during food preparation, weeding, or harvesting — the most common presentation of chicory contact allergy.
Facial eczema (airborne pattern)
moderateErythematous, scaly rash on the face, eyelids, and neck from airborne chicory particles or trichome fragments — involves the Wilkinson triangle (shaded areas) distinguishing it from sun-related dermatitis.
Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis
moderateNasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, and itchy, watering eyes in workers exposed to airborne chicory root dust in inulin processing plants — an IgE-mediated inhalant response.
Oral allergy syndrome
mildTingling, itching, and mild swelling of the lips, mouth, and throat after eating raw chicory in birch-pollen-sensitized individuals due to PR-10 protein cross-reactivity.
Vesiculation and weeping
moderateSmall fluid-filled blisters that may rupture and weep at sites of intense latex contact, particularly on the fingers and palms during prolonged handling.
Contact anaphylaxis (rare)
severeSudden-onset urticaria, facial swelling, or systemic reaction after handling raw chicory leaves — documented in food workers. This is one of the few Asteraceae species where immediate-type skin contact reactions have been confirmed.
When to see a doctor
Chicory allergy can present through three distinct pathways, each with characteristic symptoms. The most common is allergic contact dermatitis from latex exposure, following the typical Compositae dermatitis pattern described in dermatology literature. The second is occupational rhinoconjunctivitis from inhaled chicory root dust. The third — oral allergy syndrome in birch-sensitized individuals — is the least common but clinically important. Compositae contact dermatitis from chicory follows well-established clinical patterns: hand dermatitis predominates in approximately 36% of cases, combined hand-and-face eczema in 24%, facial eczema alone in 11% (suggesting airborne contact from plant particles), and generalized dermatitis in about 20%. The involvement of shaded skin areas — the retroauricular folds, under the chin, and upper eyelids (the Wilkinson triangle) — distinguishes airborne Compositae contact dermatitis from photodermatitis, which spares these areas. In rare cases, direct handling of raw chicory leaves has caused contact anaphylaxis in food workers — an unusual immediate-type reaction that is not typical of most Asteraceae contact allergens. If you experience sudden facial swelling, difficulty breathing, or widespread hives after handling chicory, seek emergency medical attention immediately.
Can Chicory Allergy Affect Breathing?
Chicory is not a wind-pollinated plant, so it does not contribute to community-level aeroallergen exposure the way ragweed or mugwort does. However, occupational asthma and rhinitis from chicory root dust have been documented in inulin processing facilities where workers inhale fine chicory particles in enclosed environments. This occupational respiratory response is IgE-mediated — distinct from the Type IV contact dermatitis mechanism. Workers who develop new-onset wheezing, chest tightness, or persistent cough in chicory processing environments should undergo spirometry and specific IgE testing. If you have confirmed Compositae contact allergy and also experience worsening respiratory symptoms during outdoor seasons when Asteraceae plants are blooming, the breathing symptoms may be related to concurrent pollen allergies from wind-pollinated family members like mugwort or ragweed rather than chicory itself.
Complications of Untreated Chicory Allergy
When chicory allergy goes unrecognized, continued occupational or dietary exposure can lead to progressively worsening dermatitis. Chronic hand eczema in food workers may become disabling, with deep fissuring, lichenification, and secondary bacterial infection from Staphylococcus aureus colonizing broken skin barriers. The occupational dimension creates additional complications. Workers in food processing plants who develop chicory contact allergy may face job modifications or career changes if avoidance of the allergen source is impossible within their current role. In some documented cases, chronic Compositae contact dermatitis in older adults has progressed to chronic actinic dermatitis or actinic reticuloid — a severe photosensitivity condition requiring aggressive immunosuppressive management. Because chicory-derived inulin appears in hundreds of processed foods as a fiber additive, sensitized individuals may experience unexplained intermittent flares from occult dietary exposure that is difficult to trace without careful ingredient review.
Chronic occupational hand eczema
Persistent hand dermatitis with fissuring and lichenification in food workers who continue handling chicory without protective measures, potentially requiring job modification.
Secondary skin infection
Broken skin from chronic scratching or fissuring creates an entry point for bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, requiring antibiotic treatment.
Chronic actinic dermatitis
In older adults with long-standing Compositae contact dermatitis, the condition may evolve into a severe photosensitivity disorder requiring aggressive immunosuppressive management.
Occult dietary flares
Inulin (chicory-derived prebiotic fiber) in processed foods can cause unexplained contact dermatitis flares in sensitized individuals who are unaware of the ingredient's chicory origin.
What Causes Chicory Allergy?
The primary cause of chicory contact allergy is the guaianolide class of sesquiterpene lactones found in the plant's milky latex. These 15-carbon terpene-lactone compounds share the alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone group that serves as the key allergenic moiety across the entire Asteraceae family. When chicory latex contacts skin, these SQLs undergo a Michael addition reaction — the reactive exocyclic double bond binds covalently to thiol groups on skin proteins, forming hapten-protein conjugates that Langerhans cells process and present to T lymphocytes.
Common chicory
Cichorium intybus
Endive
Cichorium endivia
How it works
Chicory's guaianolide SQLs (lactucin, lactucopicrin, 8-deoxylactucin) act as haptens through Michael addition chemistry. The alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone group undergoes nucleophilic attack by cysteine thiol residues on skin proteins, creating stable covalent conjugates. Dendritic cells and Langerhans cells engulf these hapten-protein complexes, migrate to regional lymph nodes, and activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. On re-exposure, sensitized T cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17), producing the delayed eczematous reaction characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity — typically peaking 48 to 96 hours after contact.
Three distinct allergic pathways originate from chicory exposure. First, direct skin contact with latex during food preparation or gardening triggers classical Type IV contact dermatitis. Second, airborne chicory root dust in inulin processing facilities causes occupational rhinoconjunctivitis through IgE-mediated pathways — this is an inhalant allergy to chicory proteins, not the SQL contact mechanism. Third, birch-pollen-sensitized patients may develop oral allergy syndrome when eating raw chicory due to cross-reactive Bet v 1-like (PR-10) proteins in the plant.
Occupational exposure dominates the clinical picture. Food processing workers handling raw chicory leaves, inulin factory workers exposed to root dust, and farmers harvesting chicory crops face the highest sensitization risk. Consumer exposure through coffee substitutes and processed foods containing inulin represents a lower but more widespread route.
Risk factors to watch for
Food processing occupation
Workers who handle raw chicory leaves, prepare salads, or process chicory root for inulin production face repeated latex exposure and have the highest documented sensitization rates.
Existing Compositae allergy
Patients already sensitized to other Asteraceae members (dandelion, chamomile, chrysanthemum) have a significantly higher likelihood of cross-reacting to chicory due to shared SQL chemistry.
Birch pollen sensitization
Birch-allergic individuals may develop oral allergy syndrome from chicory through PR-10 (Bet v 1-like) protein cross-reactivity when consuming raw chicory leaves.
Gardening and farming
Recreational gardeners and commercial farmers who weed, harvest, or handle chicory plants encounter latex through broken stems and roots during routine activities.
The Allergy Cascade
Exposure
Allergen contact
Detection
Immune recognition
IgE Response
Antibody production
Mast Cells
Histamine release
Symptoms
Allergic reaction
1.Exposure
Allergen contact
2.Detection
Immune recognition
3.IgE Response
Antibody production
4.Mast Cells
Histamine release
5.Symptoms
Allergic reaction
Diagnosing Chicory Allergy
Diagnosing chicory contact allergy requires epicutaneous patch testing — the gold standard for all Type IV hypersensitivity reactions. Standard IgE blood tests and skin prick tests used for hay fever or food allergies will not detect SQL-mediated contact sensitization because the immune mechanism involves T cells rather than IgE antibodies. The primary screening tools are the sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix at 0.1% in petrolatum, which detects approximately 65% of Compositae-allergic patients, and the Compositae mix at 6% in petrolatum, which detects about 87%. Both are included in the NACDG (North American Contact Dermatitis Group) standard screening series. Testing with both together detects approximately 93% of cases. Importantly, supplementing with chicory-specific extract can detect additional sensitized patients missed by the standard SL mix alone. For the occupational rhinoconjunctivitis component, specific IgE blood testing and nasal provocation testing with chicory root extract may be appropriate. If you are experiencing symptoms that could involve both contact and respiratory allergies, comprehensive allergy evaluation is important. For IgE-mediated environmental allergies such as weed pollens, dust mites, or pet dander, at-home testing services like Curex offer panels covering 40+ common allergens with results in approximately 5 days and insurance coverage — though chicory contact allergy specifically requires in-person patch testing by a dermatologist.
Sesquiterpene Lactone Mix Patch Test (SL Mix 0.1% Pet.)
The primary screening test for Compositae contact allergy. Contains alantolactone, dehydrocostus lactone, and costunolide at 0.033% each. Applied under occlusion for 48 hours and read at 48h and 96h. Detects approximately 65% of Compositae-allergic patients.
Compositae Mix Patch Test (CM 6% Pet.)
Contains ether extracts of arnica, chamomile, yarrow, tansy, and feverfew. Complements the SL mix by detecting an additional 22% of patients. Combined with SL mix, detection rate reaches approximately 93%.
Chicory Extract Patch Test
Testing with chicory-specific plant extract can detect patients who are monosensitized to chicory and may test negative to the standard SL mix. Particularly useful when clinical history strongly suggests chicory as the trigger.
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The long-term solution to allergies
Instead of masking symptoms, immunotherapy retrains your immune system.
Contact dermatitis from chicory operates through Type IV cell-mediated immunity — a fundamentally different pathway from the IgE-mediated mechanisms that subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are designed to address. There is no desensitization protocol available for sesquiterpene lactone contact allergy, and immunotherapy will not reduce your skin reactions to chicory latex. However, many patients with Compositae contact allergy also have concurrent IgE-mediated respiratory allergies. If you experience seasonal sneezing, nasal congestion, or asthma symptoms alongside your chicory contact dermatitis — particularly during fall weed pollen season when ragweed and mugwort are active — you may have comorbid pollen sensitization that immunotherapy can address. Providers like Curex offer sublingual immunotherapy drops starting at $39/month for IgE-mediated pollen, dust mite, and pet dander allergies, which can reduce the overall allergic burden even though the contact component requires separate management through avoidance and topical treatment. The distinction matters clinically: your chicory hand rash needs avoidance and corticosteroids, but your fall sneezing may benefit from immunotherapy targeting the actual pollen culprits identified through comprehensive allergy testing.
Confirm Chicory Contact Allergy
Undergo patch testing with SL mix, Compositae mix, and chicory-specific extract to confirm SQL sensitization and identify the full scope of Compositae cross-reactivity.
Screen for Concurrent IgE Allergies
Complete IgE allergy testing for common environmental allergens (weed pollens, tree pollens, grasses, dust mites, pet dander) to identify any concurrent respiratory allergies.
Begin SLIT for Confirmed Pollen Allergies
If IgE-mediated pollen or environmental allergies are confirmed, start sublingual immunotherapy with custom-formulated allergen drops to address the respiratory component.
Maintain Dual Management Strategy
Continue chicory avoidance and topical treatment for contact dermatitis while SLIT addresses the IgE-mediated respiratory component — each pathway requires its own management approach.
“SLIT clinical trials show 60-85% of patients experience significant symptom reduction for IgE-mediated allergies; contact dermatitis management depends on successful avoidance of chicory latex exposure”
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Living With Chicory Allergy
Living with chicory allergy requires awareness of the plant's surprisingly wide presence in everyday life — from sidewalk weeds to salad greens to processed food additives. Once you understand the exposure routes, management becomes practical and achievable for most people. The biggest challenge is often the occupational dimension. If your job involves food processing, commercial gardening, or agricultural work with chicory crops, working with an occupational health physician to establish appropriate workplace accommodations is essential. Many food workers successfully continue in their roles with protective gloves, modified duties, and enhanced hygiene protocols. For gardeners and outdoor enthusiasts, knowing how to identify chicory — the bright blue daisy-like flowers on tall stems along roadsides — helps you avoid unnecessary latex contact. Wild chicory is ubiquitous across the United States, growing in disturbed ground, roadsides, and meadows throughout the growing season.
Identifying Chicory in the Wild
Chicory has distinctive sky-blue daisy-like flowers on tall, wiry stems with milky latex visible when stems are broken. Recognizing the plant helps you avoid inadvertent contact during walks, gardening, or outdoor activities.
Building a Chicory-Free Kitchen
Replace chicory coffee blends with pure coffee or non-chicory herbal alternatives. Switch to lettuces outside the Cichorieae tribe (romaine, butterhead) if you react to endive and radicchio. Check fiber supplement labels for inulin sourcing.
Communicating With Your Employer
If you work in food processing, bring your patch test results to your occupational health department. Document the specific allergen (chicory/Compositae SQL) so appropriate workplace modifications can be implemented under occupational health guidelines.
Seasonal Patterns
January - December
medium intensity
June - October
high intensity
Prevention Tips
Wear Protective Gloves When Handling Plants
Use nitrile or vinyl gloves when gardening, weeding, or preparing raw chicory, endive, or radicchio. Latex gloves are acceptable but ensure no concurrent latex sensitivity.
Read Food Labels for Inulin
Chicory-derived inulin appears in protein bars, yogurts, cereals, and fiber supplements as a prebiotic additive. Check ingredient lists for 'inulin,' 'chicory root fiber,' or 'oligofructose.'
Cook Chicory to Reduce OAS Risk
If you have birch-pollen-related oral allergy syndrome from chicory, cooking denatures the heat-labile PR-10 proteins. Cooked endive and braised radicchio are generally tolerated.
Avoid All Asteraceae During Flares
If you are SL mix-positive, avoid contact with the broader Compositae family — dandelion, chamomile, chrysanthemum, sunflower, lettuce, artichoke — during active dermatitis.
Request Workplace Dust Controls
Inulin processing workers should request enclosed dust collection, adequate ventilation, and respiratory protection to reduce airborne chicory root particle exposure.
Outlook for Chicory Allergy
Chicory contact allergy is a lifelong sensitization — the immune memory that drives the reaction does not reverse. However, with consistent avoidance of chicory latex and appropriate management of flares, most patients achieve good long-term control and can maintain their quality of life. The prognosis varies by exposure route. Patients with purely occupational exposure who can modify their work environment or change roles often see dramatic improvement. Those with broader Compositae cross-reactivity may need ongoing vigilance during the growing season when multiple Asteraceae plants produce airborne particles. The oral allergy syndrome component in birch-sensitized individuals tends to be mild and manageable through cooking and selective food avoidance.
Key takeaways
SQL contact sensitization is lifelong, but symptoms only occur with re-exposure — consistent chicory avoidance prevents flares
Occupational cases improve significantly with workplace modifications including protective gloves, ventilation, and dust control
Oral allergy syndrome from birch cross-reactivity is generally mild and manageable by cooking chicory before consumption
Patients with broader Compositae allergy should be evaluated for cross-reactivity to lettuce, artichoke, chamomile, and dandelion
Diet and Chicory Allergy
Diet plays a meaningful role in chicory allergy management because chicory has multiple food-related exposure routes. Raw chicory leaves (endive, radicchio) can trigger oral allergy syndrome in birch-pollen-sensitized individuals due to PR-10 protein cross-reactivity. Chicory root is used as a coffee substitute and flavor additive. Inulin, extracted from chicory root, appears as a prebiotic fiber in hundreds of processed foods. Cooking generally denatures the PR-10 proteins responsible for oral allergy syndrome, making cooked chicory preparations tolerable for most birch-cross-reactive patients. However, if you have confirmed SQL contact allergy and experience flares after consuming chicory-containing products, discuss a targeted elimination approach with your allergist.
Foods that help
Cooked endive and radicchio
Heat denatures PR-10 proteins, often eliminating oral allergy syndrome symptoms while allowing you to enjoy cooked chicory preparations.
Anti-inflammatory foods (salmon, turmeric)
Omega-3 fatty acids and curcumin may help modulate overall inflammatory responses in patients with chronic contact dermatitis.
Foods to limit
Raw chicory, endive, and radicchio
Contains intact PR-10 proteins that trigger oral allergy syndrome in birch-sensitized individuals and SQL residues in latex.
Chicory coffee substitutes
Made from roasted chicory root; may contain residual allergens for highly sensitized individuals.
Inulin-fortified foods
Protein bars, yogurts, and fiber supplements containing 'chicory root fiber' or 'inulin' represent occult chicory exposure.
Chicory allergy is really sesquiterpene lactone sensitization — and once the immune system is primed to guaianolides from chicory, it will respond to artichoke, dandelion, chamomile, and mugwort pollen as well. I counsel patients to think of chicory as a gateway into the entire Compositae sensitization network, not as a standalone food allergy.
Frequently Asked Questions
It depends on which aspect of chicory allergy you have. If your allergy is SQL contact dermatitis from handling the plant, roasted chicory coffee is generally tolerated because the roasting process may alter the lactone chemistry. However, if you have confirmed sensitivity through patch testing and notice flares correlating with chicory coffee consumption, avoidance is recommended. If your issue is birch-cross-reactive oral allergy syndrome, the heat from brewing likely denatures the PR-10 proteins. Discuss your specific situation with your allergist before making assumptions.
They are closely related but not identical. Chicory (Cichorium) and lettuce (Lactuca) both belong to the Cichorieae tribe within Asteraceae and both produce milky latex containing sesquiterpene lactones. Patients with chicory contact allergy should be evaluated for lettuce cross-reactivity, as the shared guaianolide SQL chemistry (lactucin appears in both) means that cross-sensitization is biologically plausible. However, individual patients may react to one and not the other depending on the specific SQL epitopes driving their sensitization. A dermatologist can use an extended Compositae patch test series to distinguish chicory-specific from cross-reactive sensitization.
Chicory contains Bet v 1-like (PR-10) proteins that share structural similarity with the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. In birch-pollen-sensitized individuals, the immune system may cross-react to these chicory proteins, causing oral allergy syndrome — tingling, itching, and mild swelling of the lips and mouth after eating raw chicory, endive, or radicchio. This is pollen-food allergy syndrome, not the same mechanism as SQL contact dermatitis. Cooking denatures the heat-labile PR-10 proteins and usually eliminates the oral symptoms. If birch pollen allergy is already confirmed, your allergist can advise on likely cross-reactive foods including chicory-family vegetables.
Commercially purified inulin is a polysaccharide (fiber), not a protein or a sesquiterpene lactone, so it theoretically should not trigger either SQL contact allergy or PR-10-mediated oral symptoms. However, the degree of purification varies between manufacturers, and trace amounts of chicory proteins or lactones may persist in some preparations. If you have severe chicory allergy and notice unexplained flares, consider whether inulin-containing foods correlate with your symptoms and discuss elimination testing with your allergist. Anyone with known Compositae contact allergy who regularly uses inulin supplements should discuss the risk with their allergist before continuing.
Contact anaphylaxis from chicory has been documented in the medical literature, though it is rare and primarily reported in food workers with heavy, repeated exposure to raw chicory leaves over time. This is clinically unusual for Asteraceae contact allergens, which typically cause delayed-type (Type IV) dermatitis rather than immediate systemic reactions. If you experience sudden facial or throat swelling, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, or widespread hives within minutes of handling chicory, seek emergency medical attention immediately and inform your physician about the specific plant exposure so appropriate follow-up IgE and patch testing can be arranged.
Chicory and ragweed are both in the Asteraceae family but cause allergy through completely different mechanisms. Ragweed (Ambrosia) is wind-pollinated and causes IgE-mediated respiratory allergy — the classic fall hay fever affecting approximately 23 million Americans. Chicory is insect-pollinated and causes primarily Type IV contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones in its latex. Ragweed pollen triggers sneezing and nasal congestion; chicory latex triggers skin rashes on contact. A patient can be allergic to one without being allergic to the other, though Compositae cross-reactivity via shared SQL chemistry is possible.
Yes — broad Asteraceae cross-reactivity from chicory contact sensitization is a recognized clinical pattern. Patients who are sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix-positive may also react to other Cichorieae tribe members such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), dandelion (Taraxacum), sow thistle (Sonchus), and endive (Cichorium endivia). Beyond the tribe, cross-reactivity can extend to chamomile, chrysanthemum, artichoke, and sunflower. After a positive patch test, a dermatologist will typically provide a comprehensive Asteraceae avoidance list that includes all botanically related plants with shared SQL epitopes, not just chicory specifically.
Chicory root is the commercial source of inulin — a soluble prebiotic dietary fiber that food manufacturers add to protein bars, yogurts, breakfast cereals, and fiber supplements to boost fiber content claims and feed beneficial gut bacteria. Inulin has a mildly sweet taste and improves the texture of low-fat products. For most consumers it is harmless, but for individuals sensitized to chicory, products labeled 'chicory root fiber,' 'inulin,' or 'oligofructose' represent occult chicory exposure that can trigger unexpected allergy flares. Reading ingredient labels carefully is essential for sensitized patients.
Medical References
- [1]Paulsen E, Andersen KE, Hausen BM. Compositae dermatitis in a Danish dermatology department in one year. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44(2):104-109.
- [2]Warshaw EM, Belsito DV, Taylor JS, et al. North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results: 2011-2012. Dermatitis 2015;26(1):49-59.
- [3]Paulsen E, Christensen LP, Andersen KE. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts — are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients? Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(1):15-23.
- [4]Johansen JD, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T, et al. European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing — recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermatitis 2015;73(4):195-221.
- [5]ACAAI (American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology). Allergy Testing Practice Parameters. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008.
- [6]Cleveland Clinic. Contact Dermatitis — patient education resource.
- [7]Egger M, Mutschlechner S, Gadermaier G, et al. Pollen-food syndromes associated with weed pollinosis: an update. Allergy 2006;61(4):461-476.
This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. Content reviewed by board-certified allergists at Curex.
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