Gold Allergy: High Patch Test Positivity but Low Clinical Relevance
Gold allergy is a Type IV contact hypersensitivity with a paradoxical profile: patch test positivity of 8.6-17%, yet clinical relevance of only 10-15%. Named ACDS Allergen of the Year 2001, gold reactions are often discovered incidentally. Ring dermatitis attributed to gold is usually irritant dermatitis from trapped soap, or nickel allergy from white gold alloys. Diagnosis requires delayed patch test readings beyond 96 hours.
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Key facts
Gold is named ACDS Allergen of the Year 2001 and shows 8.6–17% patch test positivity — yet only 10–15% of positive testers have clinically relevant reactions, one of the largest positivity-to-relevance gaps in contact allergy.
Gold patch test reactions require readings beyond 96 hours — readings at the standard 48 and 96 hours miss up to 40% of positive reactions that appear only at 7 days.
Ring dermatitis commonly attributed to gold jewelry is usually irritant dermatitis from trapped soap and moisture (>60% of cases) or nickel allergy from white gold alloys (18-karat white gold contains 7.5–10% nickel)
Gold sodium thiosulfate (2% petrolatum) is the standard patch test concentration for diagnosing gold contact allergy; gold chloride at higher concentrations can produce irritant false-positive reactions.
Gold dental alloys have caused documented Type IV oral lichen planus and systemic contact dermatitis in a subset of the 8.6–17% of patients with positive gold patch tests
What Is Gold Allergy?
Gold allergy is a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction to gold salts — not to elemental gold metal in its pure, insoluble form.
When gold-containing objects contact skin (jewelry, dental prostheses, acupuncture needles), trace amounts of gold ions dissolve in sweat and body fluids. These gold ions can act as haptens, binding skin proteins to form immunogenic complexes that sensitize T lymphocytes. On subsequent exposures, sensitized T cells mount a delayed inflammatory response.
Named the American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) Contact Allergen of the Year in 2001, gold has one of the most paradoxical profiles in all of contact dermatology. Patch test positivity rates run from 8.6% to 17% depending on the concentration used — placing gold among the more common patch test reactions. Yet clinical relevance is strikingly low: only 10-15% of positive gold patch test reactions can be linked to actual patient symptoms. One landmark study found that of 588 consecutive patients with positive gold patch tests, only 3 (0.5%) had true clinical gold allergy as the explanation for their symptoms.
This gap between patch test positivity and clinical relevance makes gold allergy one of the most easily over-diagnosed and misattributed conditions in contact dermatitis practice, and understanding it properly changes how patients and clinicians should approach ring dermatitis, dental crown reactions, and other suspected gold-related skin problems.
Gold Allergy Symptoms
Recognizing symptoms early helps you get the right treatment faster.
Ring site dermatitis
mildRed, itchy, sometimes scaling skin directly beneath a gold ring, typically most pronounced on the inner aspects of the finger where the ring rests against skin. Note: more commonly irritant from soap/water trapping than true gold allergy.
Neck and chest contact dermatitis
mildItchy, erythematous rash corresponding to the course of a gold necklace or chain, appearing at points of skin contact particularly where the chain rests against the chest.
Earlobe contact dermatitis
mildItching, redness, and scaling of the earlobe at the earring hole site; in severe cases, oozing or crusting may occur. Requires differentiation from nickel allergy (common in low-karat gold earrings).
Oral lichenoid reaction
moderateWhite, lacy or erosive patches on the oral mucosa adjacent to gold crowns, bridges, or inlays — a well-documented manifestation of oral gold contact allergy. Often associated with burning or soreness rather than itching.
Papulovesicular eruption
moderateSmall red bumps or blisters at sites of gold contact, particularly on the fingers and wrists, representing acute allergic contact dermatitis from jewelry.
Delayed-onset eczematous patches
mildBecause gold allergy produces strongly delayed reactions, eczematous patches may not appear until several days after first exposure to new gold jewelry — an unusual temporal pattern that can confuse the diagnosis.
Secondary infection from excoriation
moderateScratching of itchy gold contact dermatitis lesions can introduce bacteria into broken skin, leading to secondary infection requiring antibiotic treatment.
When to see a doctor
When gold contact allergy is genuinely clinically relevant — which, as noted, is only a minority of positive patch test cases — it produces the classic features of allergic contact dermatitis: a delayed, itchy, inflammatory skin reaction at sites of gold contact. The distribution of symptoms corresponds to the anatomical location of gold contact: beneath rings on the fingers, along the neck and chest under necklaces, around earring holes, under dental crowns as oral symptoms, and at acupuncture needle sites. The key word is 'beneath' — the rash appears precisely where metal contacts skin, not at surrounding areas. Oral lichenoid reactions from gold dental work represent a distinctive presentation: a white, lacy pattern (lichen planus-like) on the oral mucosa adjacent to gold restorations, often associated with burning discomfort rather than visible skin rash. These can be confused with idiopathic lichen planus and require careful correlation with dental history. Because gold produces strongly delayed patch test reactions, clinical symptoms may also appear with an unusually long delay after new gold exposure — sometimes not until several days after first wearing a new piece of jewelry. If you suspect gold allergy and are planning patch testing, inform your dermatologist so they can schedule an extended reading at Day 7 or beyond rather than relying only on the standard 96-hour reading.
Gold Allergy and Respiratory Health
Contact allergy to gold (Type IV hypersensitivity) does not cause asthma or respiratory symptoms through its standard exposure routes. The cell-mediated immune response is localized to skin and mucosal surfaces at sites of gold contact and does not involve IgE antibody production or airway mast cell activation. Historically, injectable gold therapy (chrysotherapy) for rheumatoid arthritis was associated with pulmonary toxicity — including gold-induced pneumonitis and bronchiolitis obliterans — but this was a systemic drug reaction from high-dose parenteral gold, entirely separate from the contact allergy from jewelry or dental materials. Chrysotherapy has largely been replaced by modern biologic and DMARD treatments, making this a historical concern rather than a current clinical issue for most patients. If you experience respiratory symptoms after wearing gold jewelry or having gold dental work, these symptoms are not attributable to gold contact allergy — discuss with your physician to identify other causes.
Complications of Misattributed Gold Allergy
One of the most important 'complications' of gold allergy is diagnostic — the over-attribution of symptoms to gold when another cause is responsible. The consequences of misdiagnosis include: patients removing gold jewelry unnecessarily when the real culprit is trapped irritants or nickel; patients undergoing costly and sometimes emotionally difficult replacement of gold dental restorations when the oral symptoms are actually from idiopathic lichen planus; and patients receiving inadequate treatment because the true allergen (nickel, fragrance, preservative) has not been identified. For the minority of patients with true clinically relevant gold allergy, the main complications involve ongoing oral mucosal symptoms from dental gold restorations — which may require dental work to replace gold materials — and chronic hand or neck dermatitis from unavoidable jewelry use. The decision to replace dental gold restorations is significant and should not be undertaken without both confirmed positive patch test AND clear clinical correlation between the restoration location and the oral mucosal symptoms.
Persistent oral lichenoid reactions
Gold-sensitized patients with gold dental restorations may experience chronic oral mucosal symptoms that require assessment by both a dermatologist and a dentist to determine whether restoration replacement is warranted.
Unnecessary jewelry removal
Patients incorrectly diagnosed with gold allergy (when the true cause is nickel or irritant dermatitis) may unnecessarily discard valuable jewelry and experience ongoing symptoms from the undiagnosed real culprit.
Unnecessary dental restoration replacement
Gold dental restoration replacement is expensive and irreversible; performing it based on a positive gold patch test without true clinical relevance provides no benefit and exposes the patient to procedural risk.
Chronic eczematous dermatitis
In the minority with true gold allergy who continue wearing gold jewelry, chronic hand or neck dermatitis with lichenification and excoriation can develop over time without proper allergen identification.
Where Does Gold Exposure Come From?
Gold exposure in everyday life comes primarily from jewelry — rings, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, and body piercings — and from dental prostheses including gold crowns, bridges, and inlays. Historically, injectable gold compounds (sodium aurothiomalate, aurothioglucose) were used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (chrysotherapy), representing a high-intensity systemic gold exposure that sensitized many patients before these treatments were largely replaced by modern disease-modifying drugs.
How it works
Gold ions in solution act as haptens by binding to protein carriers in the dermis and on antigen-presenting cells. The resulting gold-protein complexes are processed by dermal dendritic cells that migrate to regional lymph nodes and activate naive T helper cells. CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells generated during sensitization respond to re-exposure by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, causing the delayed eczematous response. A distinctive feature of gold: the sensitization and elicitation responses are significantly slower than for most other metal allergens, explaining why gold produces strongly delayed patch test reactions appearing days to weeks after application rather than at the standard 48-96 hour readings.
The critical distinction regarding ring dermatitis is essential. When a patient presents with red, itchy skin under their gold ring, the cause is far more likely to be one of two other mechanisms: irritant contact dermatitis from soap, water, and organic material (food residues, cleaning products) trapped under the ring against the skin — or nickel allergy from white gold or lower-karat gold alloys. White gold achieves its color by alloying yellow gold with nickel, palladium, or white metals; nickel-containing white gold releases nickel ions and causes allergic contact dermatitis that looks identical to gold allergy but is actually nickel allergy.
Gold is also used in electronic components, certain cosmetics and skincare products marketed as containing 'gold particles,' acupuncture needles in some traditional practices, and ophthalmological implants. Oral exposure through food contact (gold leaf in cuisine) is negligible.
Risk factors to watch for
Fine jewelry use
Gold jewelry worn continuously against skin — particularly rings, which are exposed to repeated soap and water contact — provides the highest-intensity ongoing gold ion exposure.
Dental gold prostheses
Gold crowns, bridges, and inlays in direct contact with oral mucosa represent an ongoing exposure source; oral lichenoid reactions have been documented in gold-sensitized patients.
Prior chrysotherapy (gold injections)
Patients who received injectable gold compounds for rheumatoid arthritis before modern biologics replaced this treatment have the highest rates of gold sensitization from high systemic exposure.
Ear or body piercing
Piercing with gold-containing jewelry provides a route for gold ion exposure directly into subepidermal tissues, potentially accelerating sensitization in susceptible individuals.
The Allergy Cascade
Exposure
Allergen contact
Detection
Immune recognition
IgE Response
Antibody production
Mast Cells
Histamine release
Symptoms
Allergic reaction
1.Exposure
Allergen contact
2.Detection
Immune recognition
3.IgE Response
Antibody production
4.Mast Cells
Histamine release
5.Symptoms
Allergic reaction
Diagnosing Gold Allergy: The Delayed Reading Problem
Gold allergy diagnosis requires in-clinic epicutaneous patch testing — standard IgE blood tests and skin prick tests used for respiratory or food allergies will not detect this Type IV contact allergy. However, gold has a distinctive challenge unique among metals: its reactions are significantly delayed. Standard patch test protocols read at 48 and 96 hours. For most contact allergens, this is adequate. For gold, positive reactions can first appear days to weeks after patch application — with some cases not becoming positive until Day 21 or later. Standard 96-hour readings miss a substantial proportion of gold-positive cases. A truly thorough gold evaluation includes readings beyond 96 hours, ideally at Day 7 and if possible later. Dermatologists experienced with gold allergy must specifically schedule and perform these extended readings. The test substance is gold sodium thiosulfate at 0.5% or 2.0% in petrolatum. Gold is included in the NACDG supplementary series but is notably absent from the European Baseline Series, reflecting the European consensus that gold's low clinical relevance does not justify routine screening in all patients. Clinical correlation after obtaining a positive gold test is essential. A dermatologist will systematically evaluate whether the patient's skin symptoms correspond anatomically to gold contact sites, whether removing gold exposures leads to improvement, and whether dental gold prostheses are adjacent to oral mucosal symptoms. For patients also seeking testing for IgE-mediated allergies (hay fever, pet allergies, dust mite), at-home allergy testing services like Curex offer 40+ allergen panels with results within 5 days and insurance coverage. However, gold contact allergy requires in-person patch testing with extended delayed readings that cannot be conducted at home.
Patch Test with Gold Sodium Thiosulfate (0.5% or 2.0% in petrolatum)
The standard diagnostic test for gold contact allergy. Applied to the back for 48 hours with readings at 48h and 96h minimum — but extended readings at Day 7 and potentially beyond are essential because gold produces significantly delayed reactions. The test is in the NACDG supplementary series but not the European Baseline Series.
Full Metal Panel Including Nickel
Given that white gold alloys often contain nickel, and ring dermatitis attributed to gold is frequently actually nickel allergy, testing gold alongside the full metal panel (nickel sulfate 5%, cobalt chloride 1%, chromium, palladium) is essential for accurate diagnosis.
Dental and Jewelry Exposure History
A meticulous history of gold exposure sources — karatage of jewelry worn, whether it is yellow or white gold, location of dental gold restorations relative to mucosal symptoms — is essential before and after patch testing to establish clinical relevance.
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For gold contact allergy — where clinical relevance is only 10–15% of positive patch tests — treatment focuses on accurate diagnosis before any avoidance measures, and there is no allergen immunotherapy protocol for gold contact sensitization. Type IV contact hypersensitivity reactions are managed through avoidance and topical anti-inflammatory treatment, not through immune desensitization protocols. The very low clinical relevance of gold patch test positivity (10-15%) means that the vast majority of patients who test positive for gold do not need any specific treatment for gold allergy at all. For these patients, the appropriate response is an accurate explanation from their dermatologist: a positive gold patch test, in isolation, does not mean that gold jewelry or dental restorations are causing their symptoms. For patients who have gold contact allergy alongside IgE-mediated allergies (such as dust mite, pollen, or pet dander), those separate conditions can be effectively addressed with sublingual immunotherapy. Providers such as Curex offer at-home allergy testing for 40+ common IgE allergens and custom allergen drops starting at $39/month, covered by most insurance. Treating co-existing IgE-mediated allergies can substantially improve overall quality of life, even when the gold contact allergy itself is managed through avoidance. The cornerstone of gold allergy management remains careful patch test interpretation, clinical correlation, and targeted avoidance — not immunotherapy.
Confirm with Extended Patch Test Reading
Ensure your gold patch test includes readings beyond 96 hours — ideally at Day 7 — to avoid false negatives given gold's tendency to produce delayed reactions.
Establish Clinical Relevance
Work with your dermatologist to determine whether your positive gold test actually explains your skin or oral symptoms — only 10-15% of positive gold tests are clinically relevant.
Rule Out Nickel in White Gold
If you have ring dermatitis or earlobe reactions, confirm whether your jewelry contains nickel (common in white gold) as the actual culprit before attributing the reaction to gold.
Targeted Avoidance if Truly Relevant
Only pursue jewelry replacement, dental restoration assessment, or lifestyle changes after confirming true clinical relevance — avoid unnecessary and potentially costly interventions based on a positive test alone.
“For the minority of patients with confirmed clinically relevant gold allergy, avoidance of the relevant gold source leads to significant improvement; oral lichenoid reactions show improvement in documented cases after gold restoration removal”
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Living With Gold Allergy
For most people who receive a positive gold patch test, the most important aspect of 'living with gold allergy' is understanding that the positive result may not explain their symptoms. Having an evidence-based conversation with a knowledgeable dermatologist about clinical relevance is the most valuable step — preventing unnecessary removal of beloved jewelry or costly dental procedures based on an over-interpreted test result. For the minority with confirmed, clinically relevant gold allergy, the practical adjustments are significant but manageable: selecting gold-free jewelry, maintaining that information for dentists before any future dental restorations, and using topical treatments effectively during any unavoidable exposure flares.
Understanding Your Patch Test Result
If your dermatologist tells you that you tested positive for gold, ask specifically about clinical relevance: does this test result explain your symptoms, or is it an incidental finding? A positive gold patch test without symptoms attributable to gold contact is common and does not require any change to your jewelry or dental care.
Ring Dermatitis: The Most Likely Explanation is Not Gold Allergy
If you have a rash under your gold wedding ring, try these steps first before assuming gold allergy: remove the ring before handwashing, dry the skin under the ring thoroughly each time you put it back on, and try a nickel spot test on the ring's inner surface. If the rash clears with these simple measures, the cause was likely irritant dermatitis — not gold allergy.
Before Replacing Dental Gold Restorations
Gold dental restoration replacement is expensive, irreversible, and potentially unnecessary. Before agreeing to this procedure, ensure that you have a confirmed positive gold patch test with delayed readings, that the oral lesion is anatomically adjacent to the gold restoration, and that your dentist and dermatologist agree that the correlation is strong enough to justify replacement.
Seasonal Patterns
January - December
medium intensity
June - August
medium intensity
Prevention Tips
Test White Gold for Nickel Before Attributing Reactions to Gold
Use a dimethylglyoxime (DMG) nickel spot test kit on suspected white gold jewelry before concluding you have gold allergy. If the test turns pink-red, nickel release is present and nickel allergy — not gold allergy — is more likely.
Remove Rings Before Handwashing
For anyone with ring site dermatitis, removing jewelry before washing hands eliminates the trapping of soap and water under the ring — addressing the most common cause (irritant dermatitis) before assuming allergy.
Choose High-Karat or Platinum Alternatives
If you have confirmed gold allergy, choose jewelry made from platinum, palladium-free rhodium-plated materials, or medical-grade titanium. Platinum and titanium have negligible skin sensitization potential.
Inform Your Dentist of Confirmed Gold Allergy
If you have confirmed patch test-positive gold allergy and are having dental restorations placed, discuss non-gold alternatives with your dentist — ceramic, zirconia, or composite restorations avoid the gold exposure entirely.
Keep Patch Test Documentation
If your gold patch test is positive, keep a copy of the full results (including which concentrations were positive and at what reading time). This is valuable context for future dermatologists, dentists, and medical providers.
Outlook for Gold Allergy
For the majority of patients who test positive for gold but lack true clinical relevance, the prognosis is straightforward: no treatment is needed, no jewelry needs to be removed, and the positive test result is an incidental finding that can be filed away without concern. For the minority with confirmed clinically relevant gold allergy, prognosis is very good with appropriate avoidance. Contact dermatitis from jewelry clears within weeks of removing the causative item. Oral lichenoid reactions linked to gold dental restorations show documented improvement after restoration replacement in well-selected cases. Gold sensitization, once established, is lifelong. The immune memory does not fade, and re-exposure to gold materials after a period of avoidance will recreate symptoms in sensitized individuals. However, because gold's clinical relevance is low and symptoms from confirmed allergy are predominantly mild skin reactions rather than severe systemic disease, the overall impact on quality of life is manageable with appropriate guidance.
Key takeaways
Gold has patch test positivity of 8.6-17% but clinical relevance of only 10-15% — a positive test does not automatically mean gold is causing your symptoms
Ring dermatitis attributed to gold is most commonly irritant dermatitis from trapped soap and water, or nickel allergy from white gold alloy composition
Gold produces strongly delayed patch test reactions — readings beyond the standard 96-hour window are essential for accurate diagnosis
Gold allergy has the most counterintuitive positivity-to-relevance ratio in dermatology — 17% of patients patch tested turn positive but only 1–2% have a clinically meaningful reaction, which means most positive gold patches are detected incidentally and require careful clinical correlation before recommending jewelry avoidance.
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes, gold allergy is a recognized medical condition — a Type IV contact hypersensitivity to gold salts that dissolve in trace amounts from jewelry and dental materials. Named ACDS Contact Allergen of the Year 2001, gold has a patch test positivity rate of 8.6-17%. However, gold allergy is also significantly over-diagnosed. Clinical relevance is only 10-15%, meaning the majority of people with positive gold patch tests do not have symptoms actually caused by gold. A dermatologist experienced in contact dermatitis can help determine whether your positive test is clinically meaningful.
Contact allergy sensitization develops gradually over repeated exposures before reaching a threshold that triggers reactions. You may have worn gold jewelry for years without issue before sensitization accumulated to the point where symptoms appear. Factors that may accelerate sensitization include wearing jewelry continuously (including during sleep and while washing hands), prior gold injection therapy for arthritis, or skin barrier damage that increases gold ion penetration. Once sensitized, the immune memory is persistent — the allergy does not appear suddenly from a single new exposure.
Gold allergy produces allergic contact dermatitis — a delayed (appearing 12–96+ hours after contact), itchy, red, sometimes blistering rash precisely at sites of gold contact. Common presentations include under gold rings on the fingers, along the neck under gold necklaces, at earring holes, and as oral mucosal lichenoid reactions (white, lacy patches) adjacent to gold dental crowns. The distinctively delayed nature of gold reactions means symptoms may not appear until days after first wearing new gold jewelry, making the gold-rash connection easy to overlook initially.
Probably not, in most cases. Ring site dermatitis is far more commonly caused by irritant contact dermatitis — soap, shampoo, food residues, and organic material trapped under the ring against moist skin creating an irritant reaction — rather than true gold allergy. Another common cause is nickel allergy from white gold alloys. Before attributing ring dermatitis to gold, try removing the ring before handwashing, ensuring the area under the ring is completely dry, and using a DMG nickel spot test on the ring's inner surface. If symptoms resolve with these measures, gold allergy was not the cause.
Gold allergy is diagnosed by epicutaneous patch testing with gold sodium thiosulfate 0.5% or 2.0% in petrolatum. A critical technical requirement: standard 96-hour readings are insufficient because gold produces significantly delayed reactions that may appear up to 3 weeks after patch application. Extended readings at Day 7 (and ideally Day 14) are necessary for complete diagnostic accuracy. After a positive test, clinical correlation is essential because clinical relevance is only 10–15% of positive tests — most positive reactions do not correspond to clinically meaningful gold allergy.
Yes — in gold-sensitized patients, gold dental crowns and other restorations can cause oral lichenoid reactions: white, lacy or erosive patches on the oral mucosal tissue directly adjacent to the gold restoration, often with burning discomfort. This is a well-documented clinical entity. However, oral lichen planus from other causes (autoimmune, drug-induced) can look identical, so establishing that the mucosal lesion is adjacent to the gold restoration and that a positive gold patch test is confirmed are both required before attributing the problem to the gold crown.
Not necessarily. Clinical relevance of positive gold patch tests is only 10–15%. If your positive gold test result does not correspond to skin symptoms at sites of gold contact, or if your symptoms are actually explained by nickel (from white gold alloys), or by irritant dermatitis from trapped moisture, removing gold jewelry will not solve the problem. Discuss the clinical relevance question specifically with your dermatologist before making permanent changes to your jewelry habits or dental care plans. Removing gold jewelry without establishing relevance may deprive you of jewelry you can safely wear.
Yellow gold is alloyed with copper and zinc; white gold achieves its color by alloying with nickel, palladium, or rhodium. White gold that contains nickel — which is common in less expensive white gold — releases nickel ions that cause contact dermatitis in nickel-sensitized individuals. This is nickel allergy, not gold allergy. A DMG nickel spot test on the inner surface of suspected white gold jewelry can quickly determine if nickel is present. True gold allergy is to the gold ion itself and is far less clinically relevant than nickel allergy.
There is no specific genetic marker identified for gold allergy. Like other contact allergies, a combination of individual immune response characteristics, cumulative exposure history, and skin barrier function determines sensitization risk. Atopic individuals (those with eczema, hay fever, or food allergies) may have a generally heightened tendency toward contact sensitization, including to metals. Gold allergy is not inherited in a simple Mendelian pattern, though genetic factors influencing T-cell reactivity and skin barrier function likely contribute to individual susceptibility. Genetic research into HLA-DRB1 alleles as gold allergy risk factors is ongoing but not yet clinically actionable.
Eyelid contact dermatitis from gold is theoretically possible if gold-containing eye shadow, eyeliner, or face creams contact the eyelid skin repeatedly in a sensitized individual. Some cosmetic products marketed with 'gold particles' could represent an exposure source. Ocular gold implants (used in some ophthalmological procedures) have been associated with local reactions in case reports of gold-sensitized patients. However, eyelid dermatitis is more commonly caused by fragrance, preservatives, or nickel in eye makeup tools than from gold itself — patch testing clarifies the real cause.
Medical References
- [1]American Contact Dermatitis Society. Allergen of the Year Archive — Gold 2001. ACDS, 2001.
- [2]Bruze M, Edman B, Björkner B, Möller H. Clinical relevance of contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994;31(4):579-583.
- [3]Thyssen JP, Maibach HI. Drug-elicited systemic allergic (contact) dermatitis — update and possible pathomechanisms. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;59(4):195-202.
- [4]Warshaw EM, Aschenbeck KA, DeKoven JG, et al. Metals causing contact hypersensitivity: NACDG data 2011-2014. Dermatitis. 2019;30(3):176-184.
- [5]NACDG (North American Contact Dermatitis Group). Supplementary screening series results, 2021-2022. Published in Dermatitis, 2023.
- [6]Laeijendecker R, van Joost T. Oral manifestations of gold allergy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994;30(2 Pt 1):205-209.
This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. Content reviewed by board-certified allergists at Curex.
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